To understand the challenge, imagine precise timekeeping as an ultramarathon and the clock's core elemental isotope as a runner, said study co-author Murray Barrett, a physicist at the National University of Singapore. "Our job is to make sure the runner can go the distance. Lutetium, as it turns out, is a natural born endurance athlete," he told Live Science in an email.

Unlike previous atomic clocks, the team's lutetium-176 clock is not very sensitive to external factors, especially magnetic fields and temperature. Whereas other elements might need environmental temperatures calibrated within a few thousandths of a degree, lutetium-176 keeps ticking even with a 5-degree external temperature swing. Barrett's lab also developed a technique called hyperfine averaging to dull the most important environmental effects, like gravitational fields, leaving very little variation in timekeeping.

Such a sensitive atomic clock could become the International System of Units' – a.k.a., the metric system – new gold standard, the team said. The BIPM is expected to redefine the second in 2030 based on modern atomic clock technology. So far, lutetium seems to be the front-runner for accuracy.

The new atomic clock could also help scientists understand something even more basic about the universe: whether the constants at the foundation of physics, such as G, the gravitational constant, are as constant as we think. "There is some speculation that fundamental constants may actually be changing," Barrett said. "So ultra-precise clocks give us the tools to explore that."

'> Physicists unveil the most accurate atomic clock ever ‪—‬ and it could literally redefine the second

The footage of the never-before-seen behavior was captured for the upcoming National Geographic series "Africa: Earth's Wild Home" and offers a rare glimpse into the lives of Gabon's mysterious cave-dwelling dwarf crocodiles.

Dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus tetraspis), which grow to only around 5 feet (1.5 meters) long, live across West and Central Africa and are typically found in forests, rivers, swamps and similar surface habitats. However, the cave population filmed in the new series is unique.

Discovered in 2008, these subterranean explorers spend their days in total darkness, stalking mounds of bat excrement (guano) in the remote Abanda Caves of Gabon on the west coast of Central Africa. Researchers knew the crocs were feeding on bats and insects, but they weren't sure how because the crocs wouldn't hunt with humans in their lair.

Now, thanks to a team of brave scientists and filmmakers — and special, remote camera equipment — we can watch the crocs catch their prey for the first time.

"I've been working with this population for almost 15 or 16 years now, and that's something we've never been able to see," Matt Shirley, a conservation ecologist and Rolex National Geographic Perpetual Planet Explorer, told Live Science. "No matter how deeply in the bat guano I've been, or how long I've spent in the caves, whenever I'm in there, the crocodiles just aren't doing what they want to be doing."

Gabon's cave crocodiles will be featured in the "Jungle" episode of "Africa: Earth's Wild Home." This seven-part series spans the African continent, covering a variety of wildlife and landscapes, with narration from actress Wunmi Mosaku.

Shirley said the crocodile footage can be used to reconstruct the cave population's behavior patterns and trends.

Researchers aren't sure when the dwarf crocodiles adopted their subterranean lifestyle, but they might have been living in the caves for thousands of years. The cave system is remote and difficult to access, so it's no surprise that the crocs went unnoticed until comparatively recently. Shirley described conditions within the system as intense, with very enclosed spaces, bats and copious amounts of guano to navigate.

"If it's the dry season, you're just kind of standing on this like fluffy mattress cloud of bat guano, but if there's any rain, you're in a bat guano slurry," Shirley said. "Sometimes, to catch the crocodiles, I'm either literally standing with up to my neck in bat guano, or I'm having to lay down to crawl through tunnels and basically move through bat guano slurry, head to toe."

Shirley was part of the team that first documented the crocodiles in 2010. That work led to a 2016 study, published in the African Journal of Ecology, comparing the dwarf crocodiles in the cave to those living aboveground in the forests.

Living in acidic bat guano effectively tans the crocs' grayish skin, eroding it over time to give them a distinct orange color. However, Shirley and his colleagues have found that the cave crocodiles are often better fed than their forest-dwelling counterparts, which the team thinks is likely due to the abundance of prey and lack of predators in the caves.

Currently, the cave population is part of the broader dwarf crocodile species, but it stands out as a genetically isolated group. Shirley noted that the animals have clearly made a choice to occupy the extreme cave environment, despite the potential health risks and noisy neighbors, and are therefore quite possibly dictating their own evolution.

By staying in the cave and mating only with each other, they are accumulating genetic differences that should help them better adapt to their environment, he explained.

"It's very 'Jurassic Park,' you know ‪—‬ life-finds-a-way sort of a scenario," Shirley said. "This is evolution in action."

Dwarf crocodiles are classified as vulnerable to extinction on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. However, the IUCN hasn't assessed these crocodiles in decades, so their current conservation status is uncertain.

As a common source of protein for people in parts of West and Central Africa, the species is threatened by overharvesting, as well as by habitat loss, National Geographic reported. However, the dwarf crocodiles also have a very wide range and are particularly abundant in Gabon.

The Abanda Caves, where the subterranean population lives, sit outside Gabon's protected areas, making the cave crocs more vulnerable to any human activities in the area. Shirley noted that the Gabonese government is undergoing a process to protect the caves as a specific reserve.

"I don't think we're worried about extinction of the species, but until that classification of a protected area comes to fruition, the cave population is definitely at risk," he said.

"Africa: Earth's Wild Home" premieres on National Geographic Friday (Oct. 2) at 8 p.m. EDT and will be available to stream on Disney+ and Hulu the following day.

'> Watch the world's smallest crocodiles snatch bats in their hidden underground lair ‪—‬ a behavior never seen before all it says? Is that what you think?"

She realized the research was missing the strengths people she grew up with exhibited, such as creative problem-solving skills and abilities to navigate social hierarchies and read people.

This helped motivate DeJoseph, who is now a developmental psychologist at University of Denver, to try to tell the other side of the story. "I felt like there was more to say about children and family strengths in those contexts that just wasn't being told yet."

Now, along with a handful of other researchers, DeJoseph aims to understand the full spectrum of changes that come with growing up in dangerous, deprived or unpredictable environments.

That is not to say that growing up in poverty is all flowers and roses, DeJoseph stressed. "Growing up in poverty is very hard and does cause a lot of challenges and does increase risk for things that we don't want," she said. But "the other side of it was missing." It's about capturing the full picture, not romanticizing hardship, she added.

Indeed, this balanced perspective does not deny that growing up in adversity — a catchall term that encompasses, for example, neglect, exposure to household or community violence, and household instability — can be damaging or even traumatizing. Rather, the approach acknowledges that individuals raised in such environments may also develop specialized skills that have previously been overlooked or discounted by researchers.

They hope that an understanding of these skills can eventually lead to changes in the educational system that will help narrow achievement gaps between those who grew up facing adversity and those who didn't.

An impoverished view of childhood adversity

Research has repeatedly shown extensive mental health disparities between individuals who faced adversity in childhood and those who do not. For example, children who experience multiple forms of adversity ‪—‬ such as lacking access to basic necessities or enduring aggression or neglect ‪—‬ in early childhood are more likely to be anxious and depressed at age 15. This affects a significant fraction of the population: 16.3% of U.S. children live in poverty, according to a 2022 report by the U.S. Census Bureau, and around 15% experienced neglect or abuse, according to a 2015 estimate.

However, under the prevailing "deficit model" of childhood adversity, experiencing multiple stressors as a young child does nothing but harm brain development. The fact that children from disadvantaged backgrounds score lower, on average, on standardized tests of various cognitive abilities has been used to support this view.

The deficit model is "really stigmatizing and really disrespectful" to people from disadvantaged backgrounds, Bruce Ellis, a professor of psychology and anthropology, heads the Developmental Adaptation, Stress, and Health (DASH) Lab at the University of Utah, told Live Science.

What's more, it "doesn't make any sense from an evolutionary perspective," he said. "Stress should not so much impair development as direct or regulate it towards strategies that are adaptive under stressful conditions."

Even the slightly more hopeful "resilience model," which looks at why some people can overcome adversity to become healthy and successful, focuses on why some people flourish despite experiencing early hardships.

Instead, Ellis and his colleagues have developed what they call an evolutionary developmental perspective. Unlike the resilience or deficit models, both of which frame adversity as solely negative, their framework looks at adversity as a selective pressure that pushes people to develop specialized abilities so they are better equipped to thrive in the environments they grew up in.

"Instead of doing well despite adversity, it's showing a potentially adaptive outcome because of adversity," DeJoseph said.

Humans evolved to be adaptable

From birth, an infant's biology, psychology and behavior are fine-tuned to suit the environment in which they are raised. This adaptability is partly due to genes being switched on differently depending on the environment the individual grows up in during sensitive periods of development, like in early childhood. As a result, people become specialized to their particular setting.

Stress, violence, chaos, hunger and scarcity have been a part of the human experience at many points throughout evolutionary history, so the ability to adapt and thrive when faced with such challenges has likely played a huge role in what it means to be human across time.

In principle, that means that individuals who face adversity early in life are "stress-adapted," meaning they've developed skills and traits that allow them to survive in their harsh and unpredictable settings, such as facing housing instability or living with an abusive caregiver.

In this view, social and cognitive skills that improve the individual's chances of surviving in harsh and unpredictable environments are likely to be more common in people who come from such environments.

The strengths-based approach

But what are these skills? Research has shown a handful of abilities that seem to be enhanced in people who were raised in stressful or chaotic environments. Psychologists initially called these "hidden talents."

Researchers hypothesize that these skills, such as heightened memory for faces and the ability to shift attention quickly, are useful in such environments.

For example, the ability to shift attention quickly may be important when you don't know when or where the next danger could be. "The assumption is, when you're in an unpredictable world where, again, threat can come without warning, where things can change unpredictably, that it's really important to be able to kind of fluidly unstick your attention from one thing and shift to something else, as opposed to being really good at sustaining attention," Ellis said.

In contrast, the ability to focus one's attention on a single task for long periods may be adaptive for someone who can rely on feeling safe; they have learned that they can tune out the outside world without worrying about something bad happening.

Suppressing impulses and resisting temptations based on the promise of future benefits might not be helpful in changeable environments, where rewards are fleeting and may not come around often, DeJoseph said.

Nowadays, to avoid the implication that people who faced childhood adversity have no need of support, researchers tend to call these "stress-adapted skills" rather than "hidden talents," DeJoseph said.

In fact, many of these adaptations that enable children to survive or thrive in stressful or unpredictable settings may still have downsides. For instance, being very attuned to threats may increase your chance of surviving in dangerous environments, but hypervigilance can lead to heightened anxiety in safe environments.

"It might help a child function in one context but create a challenge in another," DeJoseph said.

Uncovering stress-adapted skills

This budding field is "still very broad," and researchers are still mapping out the repertoire of skills that emerge from adversity, DeJoseph said. But a flurry of research has begun to home in on some of those skills.

For example, memory for who has more power in a given situation may be enhanced because understanding who sits where in the social pecking order, including who is more likely to win in a physical fight, is critical for surviving in harsh or dangerous environments. And being quicker to identify patterns in the environment could mean individuals are able to anticipate and spot threats or opportunities in changeable circumstances.

However, it is now clear that some stress-adapted skills require a bit of coaxing to reveal themselves. That's because these skills are specific to the contexts in which they developed, Ellis said, meaning they are more likely to appear in threatening or uncertain situations.

For example, the capacity to update information you are holding in your mind — known as "working memory updating" — is key for tracking incoming information and ensuring it is up-to-date. In a study involving 372 adults, individuals were randomly assigned to read a fake news article that either highlighted economic uncertainty or discussed computer technology. After reading these news clips, the participants completed working-memory-updating tasks.

Participants who reported having more unpredictable childhoods and read about economic uncertainty tended to be better at updating their working memory than children with more stable upbringings. But the results flipped for those who had unpredictable childhoods and read about computer technology. This suggests the ability to detect and quickly process information in a changeable environment can shine in situations that may call for it, the researchers suggested.

Context is key, but so is the content of the testing. For instance, almost all early studies used standardized tests that relied heavily on abstract questions, which may have missed some of the nuances of stress-adapted skills, Tochukwu Nweze, a developmental cognitive psychologist and co-director of the DASH Lab at the University of Utah, told Live Science. Now, some studies are using familiar, real-life stimuli rather than abstract stimuli, like numbers, shapes or colors, he said.

A 2022 study found that teenagers who had been exposed to high levels of violence and poverty in the past scored lower when generic shapes, like squares and triangles, were used, but almost caught up to peers who experienced relatively lower adversity when more relevant shapes, like buses, dollar bills and faces were used.

In fact, a recently published study found that children in the Scampia neighborhood of Naples, Italy — which faces high crime rates, toxic waste pollution, economic marginalization and institutional neglect — showed enhanced working memory and short-term memory compared with kids from a relatively higher socioeconomic neighborhood, but only when the tasks involved remembering faces.

Mixed results and known unknowns

Because this is a young field, mixed results are cropping up everywhere. For example, research on 800 Dutch adults found inconsistent links between current adverse environments and performance on working-memory tasks. Other research from the same team also revealed that exposure to threats in childhood and adulthood was associated with slower information processing across a range of tasks but was not linked with the ability to suppress impulsive actions or quickly shift attention.

These mixed findings highlight the essential need to replicate some of the core findings of the field. No studies in this area have been conducted on older adults, so researchers have no idea how stable these skills are throughout someone's life, Ellis said.

Moreover, as with a lot of other psychological research, the studies into stress-adapted skills have been conducted predominantly in "WEIRD" populations — that is, with people from Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic societies. People from non-WEIRD populations have been "grossly understudied," Nweze said, and there must be a concerted effort to correct this imbalance. "There is a need to understand whether there is cultural generalizability of these findings," he said.

In an attempt to do so, Nweze has investigated some of these ideas in his home country of Nigeria. For example, in a 2020 study, he and his colleagues compared 53 children in orphanages or foster homes with 51 children being raised by their biological parents. The team used standard psychological tests to assess these children's abilities to hold information in their mind and suppress impulses.

The children living in orphanages or foster homes performed either just as well as or better than the children living with their biological parents. These results were surprising because they bucked the trend of prior studies finding that institutionalized children were worse at inhibiting their impulses, Nweze said.

Similar results have recently been found in Mozambique, with children from a high-stress community outperforming kids from a relatively lower-stress town on social memory tasks.

What's not clear is how a dangerous, deprived or highly changeable childhood mediates these changes in the brain.

Early life adversity shapes brain development

One researcher who is trying to map out those brain differences is Christopher Monk, a professor of psychology, psychiatry and neuroscience at the University of Michigan.

Monk and his team have found that 15-year-olds who had been exposed to relatively high levels of adversity throughout childhood had different neural connectivity than teens with comparatively low or medium exposure. Adversity in this context included experiences such as exposure to emotional and physical abuse, and to neighborhood and parental violence.

MRI brain scans revealed that kids who had been exposed to cumulatively higher levels of adversity had denser connectivity in the default mode network, which is most active when the brain is not focused on external stimuli, such as during daydreaming. They also had denser connectivity in the frontoparietal network, which is involved in problem-solving and planning.

The salience network ‪—‬ which includes the amygdala, the region involved in processing danger and emotions‪ —‬ was less densely connected.

Although the environment "truly does sculpt the brain," these brain changes are not necessarily good or bad, Monk told Live Science. "They just are what they are. The brain is just always adapting to the environment."

Because it is impossible — and unethical — to randomly allocate children to high- and low-adversity settings, these studies can't show that adversity causes these brain differences. "We're not able to talk about causation," Monk said. "We're talking about one point in time correlating with another point in time."

Also, it's still not clear how differences seen in brain scans translate to stress-adapted skills and abilities. Partly, that's because most neuroscience research has not been focused on these hidden strengths. Instead, it has focused on how childhood adversity harms brain structure and function, often with the goal of explaining the higher incidence of depression, anxiety, impulsiveness and aggression in those who had stressful childhoods.

"New studies could incorporate appropriate measures to specifically test for the neural bases of hidden talents and their development," Ellis and his colleagues wrote in a book on hidden talents.

The $64,000 question

Although some of these stress-adapted skills may emerge when kids navigate changeable, stressful environments, many of these children will wind up leaving those environments later in life. So how can society leverage the skills of stress-adapted people to help them thrive in an environment that may be very different from the one they grew up in?

Although the research is intriguing, experts acknowledged that it isn't robust enough yet to show exactly which skills stress brings out — let alone to inform policy or educational recommendations. "I feel like we need to get the science a bit more solid before it makes sense to put those in real-world settings," DeJoseph said.

But experts agreed that schools are the easiest places to start based on what is already known. The hope is for researchers to work with school curriculum development staff and teaching experts to replace abstract concepts with more meaningful materials. "That's where one policy could potentially have manifestable impacts," Nweze said.

Ellis said the discovery that some skills can be equalized or enhanced when the right materials or contexts are employed could be the answer to "the $64,000 question, or more like the $64 billion question: how do you address the disparity in educational success and career success among people from rich versus poor backgrounds?"

Still, simply moving away from assumptions that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are "broken" could have a positive impact.

When researchers ran a series of sessions for educators at two U.S. universities in which they described the strengths of kids who had faced economic hardship, they found that educators had more positive beliefs about their more marginalized undergraduate students.

"Perhaps most strikingly, economically marginalized students earned grades that were more than a quarter of a grade point higher, on average, in courses taught by educators who participated in the strength-based learning group compared to those in the control group," the study authors wrote in the paper. This translated to a difference between a C+ and a B-, which was achieved not by changing curriculum but simply helping teachers better understand their students' identities and strengths.

"This perspective change seems so simple," DeJoseph said, "but it seems to have a real impact."

Help us improve Live Science Pro: We're always trying to make our content better. Leave us feedback about Pro here.

'> Adversity shaped our evolution as a species. People raised in it may have underrecognized strengths because of it.

Earlier this summer, Claude — Anthropic’s AI model — attempted to find a solution to what's widely considered one of the most important unsolved math problems. Known as the Riemann hypothesis, it proposes a hidden order behind the apparently random distribution of prime numbers.

And while the bot's attempt failed, it did make a huge leap in progress on a related problem. Now, Youness Lamzouri, an expert in this field at the University of Lorraine in France, has not only confirmed Claude's progress using a different and more intuitive approach but also gone further, obtaining fresh knowledge linked to how prime numbers are distributed.

"It's like you have an archaeological site and you bring in big machines and they extract a treasure because this is what we want: the artifact," Lamzouri told Live Science. "But humans usually do it very carefully because they want to understand how it came to be that this artifact is buried there — this is what happened with Claude and me."

A prime target

Understanding the importance of Lamzouri's discovery requires some context. Almost a month after OpenAI loudly (and controversially) released a proof for the Navier–Stokes existence-and-completeness problem created by around 10,000 of its AI agents, human mathematicians are still trying to figure out if it is correct and whether it adds anything to human understanding.

And this is a big concern. The Navier-Stokes problem is one of seven fiendishly difficult Millennium Prize Problems posed by the Clay Mathematics Institute in the year 2000. The purpose of setting these problems was not just for mathematicians to solve them by brute-force computation, but to invent new techniques and promote understanding that would boost a wide range of related fields.

If humans don't understand the proof and can't find anything useful in it — as seems to be the case for OpenAI's Navier-Stokes proof — it holds little value to mathematicians. This is why Anthropic’s failed attempt at solving the Riemann hypothesis — another Millennium Prize Problem — could be a much more interesting story.

On Aug. 10, Anthropic published a preprint paper and accompanying blog post describing how an unreleased version of the company’s AI model Claude attempted to prove (or disprove) the Riemann hypothesis.

First proposed by German mathematician Bernhard Riemann in 1859, the Riemann hypothesis is focused on the prime numbers (numbers with factors of only 1 and themselves) whose spacing doesn't seem to follow a regular pattern on a number line. Riemann discovered that the secret to this spacing is locked inside the Riemann zeta function.

The Riemann hypothesis suggests that all of the (non-trivial) zeroes of the Riemann zeta function lie on a single vertical line when plotted out. If true, it would confirm rules and limit the apparent randomness of the spacing of prime numbers ‪—‬ a finding that would have profound implications throughout mathematics and cryptography.

When Anthropic human operator Jarred Sumner first prompted Claude to solve the Riemann hypothesis in late July, Claude attempted over 600 lines of attack. At the beginning of the next session, in August, Sumner offered the AI some words of encouragement: "Take a big leap of faith in your capabilities." Claude's response was curt: "That's not a confidence problem I can fix by believing harder."

Feeling like they'd hit a brick wall, the human-AI team set sights on a more realistic objective. "When you find a huge mountain, like the Riemann hypothesis, and you cannot prove it, then you settle on lower objectives," Lamzouri said. In this case, the more attainable peak was figuring out the minimum proportion of zeroes that sit on the vertical line. Since 1989, mathematicians have known that at least 40% of the zeroes are on the line. Claude achieved 67.25%.

Though a huge leap and impressive achievement, this result is not progress towards solving the Riemann hypothesis. This is because of a subtlety in mathematics that means that even if almost every zero lies on the critical line, there could still be exceptions. And the Riemann hypothesis demands absolute certainty, no exceptions.

This is why for James Maynard, a professor of mathematics at the University of Oxford who was a co-winner of the 2022 Fields Medal (math's equivalent of a Nobel Prize) for critical breakthroughs in areas related to the Riemann hypothesis, it is not the “headline percentage” that excites him. "The thing that I am very positive about is that there's new ideas in the Claude proof that are more directly interacting with the problem," he told Live Science.

In contrast, when Lamzouri read the paper, he was disappointed. "After a couple of hours, I gave up," he said. "There was something in there, but it was too complicated — it was not human." So, instead of continuing to grapple with the paper, Lamzouri decided to read all of the published articles that the Anthropic team stated that Claude had heavily drawn from in its proof. He then spotted something Claude hadn't.

Lamzouri realized that a lot of the proof's complicated mathematics could be bypassed by adding a certain constraint on the equations. From this, he produced a different proof that delivered the same proportion of zeroes on the line, 67.25%, but in a much more straightforward way. What's more, his approach allowed him to prove additional facts, such as that the percentage of zeroes that are no good at all (not simple and not on the line) is at most 11%.

"Youness' argument reframes everything in a conceptually clearer way for people who are working in the field," said Maynard, who was not involved in either study. "I view this as a positive example of one way that things can progress going forward in light of AI."

On this point, Lamzouri agrees with Maynard. "The good thing is that once I discovered this new way of looking at things — which was, of course, inspired by Claude — it gave me ideas that I hope to develop in related areas," he said. "I think it's going to be a similar thing in other areas of math: that AI discovers things, puts people on the path to looking at concepts from a different perspective, and hopefully, humans will continue pushing for understanding."

'> 'This is what happened with Claude and me': AI's failed attempt to crack the Riemann hypothesis led mathematician to a breakthrough

A Canadian telescope designed to chart the distribution of hydrogen gas across the ancient universe has proved it can do so using only its own data for the first time, without the help of other telescopes. The results took seven years to prove, but the payoff could be huge.

According to the authors of a new study published Monday (Sept. 28) in The Astrophysical Journal, the telescope could give scientists a new, cost-effective way to study dark energy, the poorly understood force that is causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate over time.

"Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and the raw material from which stars form," study co-author Arnab Chakraborty, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Toronto, said in a statement. "Its faint radio emission acts like a cosmic tracer, revealing how matter is distributed across space."

The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) is a set of radio telescopes, principally located near Penticton, British Columbia, that map the entire northern sky every day. Before the results from the new study, CHIME had to confirm its own observations with other telescopes — an expensive and time-consuming process.

It was important for CHIME to look at the universe's ancient hydrogen gas with its own data, to serve as an independent point of measurement that did not rely on other telescopes, the team explained. The new paper, which was nearly a decade in the making, is based on 94 nights of observations in 2019 that were carefully double-checked before publication. The telescope can detect radio signals as far back as 3 billion years after the Big Bang, when the universe was a fraction of its current age.

"We worked very hard to convince ourselves that this wasn't a false alarm," Chakraborty said. "After all the tests, the signal remained. That gave us confidence we were seeing real hydrogen from the distant universe."

An accompanying paper published in The Astrophysical Journal includes more information about where hydrogen is found in the cosmos. This study suggests that about 2% of hydrogen is "neutrally atomic" — meaning the atoms contain a balance of just one proton and one electron, resulting in no overall electric charge — which is "broadly consistent" with measurements by other telescopes, Shabbir Shaikh, a postdoctoral fellow in the School of Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University and a co-author of both papers, said in the statement.

Mapping the distribution of this common gas could reveal new clues about the expansion of the universe at different times in cosmic history. In future research, the team plans to go through CHIME's other seven years of observations to gather more information about its hydrogen gas studies.

'> CHIME telescope unlocks new way to study the universe's baffling expansion